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Henry VIII,the Reign
Timeline 1521
Diet of Worms
The Imperial Diet of Worms was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V
presiding.
presiding.
The Cenacle of Meaux & Marguerite de Angoulême
The Cenacle of Meaux was founded in 1521 at the request of the Bishop of Meaux, Guillaume Briconnet, by his assistant and friend Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples. It included many reformist and humanist scholars:
Marguerite de Angouleme supported it.
Marguerite de Angouleme supported it.
Wolsey & Bishop Fisher’s Bonfire
12 May 1521
Wolsey and the Bishop of Rochester, John Fisher, officiated over a burning of Luther's books.
Wolsey and the Bishop of Rochester, John Fisher, officiated over a burning of Luther's books.
New War Breaks Out - Battle Pampeluna
Following tensions since the turn of the year, hostilities broke out between Francis and Charles. Charles appealed to Henry VIII under the terms of the Treaty of London of 1518.
Buckingham Executed
17 May 1521
Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, had Plantagenet blood and close associations with the rest of the senior aristocracy. Henry, or at least his advisers initially, was suspicious of him and an investigation ensued. Henry apparently investigated some of the witnesses and Buckingham came to trial in April 1521.
He was accused of listening to prophecies of the king’s death and intent to kill the king. Seventeen peers heard the case.
He was found guilty and executed on Tower Hill, London.
Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, had Plantagenet blood and close associations with the rest of the senior aristocracy. Henry, or at least his advisers initially, was suspicious of him and an investigation ensued. Henry apparently investigated some of the witnesses and Buckingham came to trial in April 1521.
He was accused of listening to prophecies of the king’s death and intent to kill the king. Seventeen peers heard the case.
He was found guilty and executed on Tower Hill, London.
Edict of Worms - Luther Flees
25 May 1521
Luther fled Worms in fear of detention; a decree was then issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V.
It stated:
For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work.
Luther fled Worms in fear of detention; a decree was then issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V.
It stated:
For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work.
Charles’s Advisor William II de Croÿ, Lord of Chièvres Dies
28 May 1521
The principle adviser to Charles died, believed to have been poisoned. He is replaced by Mercurino Gattinara.
The principle adviser to Charles died, believed to have been poisoned. He is replaced by Mercurino Gattinara.
Wolsey to Calais for Peace Conference
Wolsey accompanied by Ruthall, Tunstall and More.
Henry is Defender of the Faith
17 October 1521.
Pope Leo X declared King Henry VIII the Fidei defensor or Defender of the Faith. This title was given to honour Henry for his book Defence of the Seven Sacraments, which attacked the theology of Martin Luther and was dedicated to Leo. This title was added to the full royal title of Henry of ‘Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland’.
After Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church, Pope Paul III excommunicated him and rescinded the grant of the title Defender of the Faith in 1538, but the English parliament declared that the title
remained valid.
There were twenty editions of Henry’s book in the sixteenth century.
Pope Leo X declared King Henry VIII the Fidei defensor or Defender of the Faith. This title was given to honour Henry for his book Defence of the Seven Sacraments, which attacked the theology of Martin Luther and was dedicated to Leo. This title was added to the full royal title of Henry of ‘Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland’.
After Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church, Pope Paul III excommunicated him and rescinded the grant of the title Defender of the Faith in 1538, but the English parliament declared that the title
remained valid.
There were twenty editions of Henry’s book in the sixteenth century.
Secret Treaty of Bruges
25 August 1521
A secret treaty was arranged by Wolsey with Charles V whereby England would guard the English Channel as Charles made his way to France and both England and the Holy Roman Empire would declare France the enemy.
Treaty LP 1508
A secret treaty was arranged by Wolsey with Charles V whereby England would guard the English Channel as Charles made his way to France and both England and the Holy Roman Empire would declare France the enemy.
Treaty LP 1508
Charles's Troops Capture Tournai then Milan
Tournai is taken for Charles, 23 November 1521.
Milan is taken in a combination of an assault by Pescara and Colonna with Spanish and German infantry and the support of a Milanese uprising. Soon after the towns of Pavia, Parma and Piacenza surrendered.
Milan is taken in a combination of an assault by Pescara and Colonna with Spanish and German infantry and the support of a Milanese uprising. Soon after the towns of Pavia, Parma and Piacenza surrendered.
Pope Leo X Dead and
Impetus of French Expulsion from Duchy of Milan is Lost
1 December 1521
The Medici pope dead; he had been celebrating the recapture of Milan,
‘rejoicing more’ at the recovery of Milan ‘than at his election’.
The Medici pope dead; he had been celebrating the recapture of Milan,
‘rejoicing more’ at the recovery of Milan ‘than at his election’.
Charles’s New Adviser Gattinara's Strategy for Dealing with Wolsey
It was only too clear that Wolsey was thinking chiefly of the honours and gifts which the emperor might give him, and was calculating that ‘he would have a better chance of the papacy if he appeared not as a pensionary of France, but as having imperial support.’
Wolsey Stands for Pope
24 December 1521
As pledged at Bruges, Wolsey now restated his ambition to be pope and told the Bishop of Badajoz to tell the emperor to use his influence, and armed force if necessary, to get him appointed.
LP 1892
As pledged at Bruges, Wolsey now restated his ambition to be pope and told the Bishop of Badajoz to tell the emperor to use his influence, and armed force if necessary, to get him appointed.
LP 1892
Papal Conclave Begins
28 December 1521
In the depths of a bitter winter, the Vatican was entirely unheated; several windows had lost their glass and had to be roughly boarded up.
In the depths of a bitter winter, the Vatican was entirely unheated; several windows had lost their glass and had to be roughly boarded up.
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